Pharmacological interventions can be an effective method to provide insight into affective states and can assist with the investigation of novel indicators such as associated biomarkers. There is a need for valid and reliable indicators of positive affect. Despite a consensus of how important positive affect is for animal welfare, they are difficult to identify objectively. For example, laying hens may be housed in environments that do not cause chronic stress but may lack particular resources that promote positive affective experiences, such as conspecifics or effective enrichment. It is widely accepted that the absence of suffering no longer defines animal welfare and that positive affective experiences are imperative. 3iMPACT Institute School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia.2School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.1Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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